Author Archives: Marina Hurley

Ten ways to get the most out of a writing workshop

If you are considering signing up for a writing workshop, at the very least you will receive a course overview or outline, a statement of what you will get out of the workshop and what to bring. Once the workshop starts, you will then be taken on a series of educational steps to achieve predetermined learning goals. This is the case for both online and face-to-face workshops. While the facilitator will do their best to help you learn, there are important tasks you need to do before, during and after the workshop that will enhance your learning and ensure permanent improvements in writing skills. In my 21 years’ experience running over 300 face-to-face writing workshops (and dozens of online tutorials), I have observed how many different people approach the task of learning. Here are ten ways to get the most out of a writing workshop.

Before the workshop starts:

1. List your learning goals 

Why do you want to do a writing workshop? What do you want to achieve? How does your writing need improvement? If you are not clear on the answers to some of these questions then consider how productive and enjoyable you find the task of writing. List any stages in the process of writing where you lack confidence or initiative. When you start and continue through the workshop, you will find that you will gain a deeper understanding of what areas need improvement and how to improve.

Consider your motivation for attending the workshop 

Within my workshops, I find that the largest proportion of people are self-motivated, aware that their writing needs to improve and are keen to learn whatever they can. Then there are some who are happy with their writing but want to brush up on their skills and pick up new perspectives and extra tips. With many In-House workshops, there will be an entire team expected to attend, including some people who are confident and capable writers yet still keen to brush-up their skills. Then (very rarely) there are those who are happy with their writing, are instructed to attend by a boss or supervisor but really don’t want to be there. If you really do not want to attend a writing workshop, the facilitator would probably prefer you were not there either. If you are a supervisor reading this, avoid forcing staff to attend if they indicate they don’t want to. Having people in a workshop who don’t want to be there can make it hard for others to learn and reduce the engagement of the entire group. Even worse is a recalcitrant attendee.

2. Come prepared 

Triple-check the date and time

As we all know, it is incredibly easy to get dates and times wrong.

Read the pre-workshop information at least a week before the workshop

Thoroughly read everything that is given to you, at least a week prior to the workshop. There may be important information that will help you get the most out of the workshop; for example, you might be asked to bring a summary of your project for a writing exercise. If you only read pre-workshop information the day before, you may not be adequately prepared to get the most out of the workshop.

Email questions at any time 

If you have any questions at all relating to the workshop, either before or after, ask them. If you are not clear about what to expect, ask for further details.

You can download my Writing Workshop Preparation checklist here.


3. Complete any pre-workshop surveys or writing tasks

Completing surveys can seem tiresome. However, as a facilitator, I cannot emphasise enough how important it is to know, beforehand, what people want to get out of the workshop. Understanding your science background and writing challenges, and reviewing your questions before the workshop starts, allows for the best preparation for teaching. The more prepared a facilitator is, the more you will get out of the workshop. Even if you mention topics that won’t be covered in the specific workshop you are attending, the facilitator might be able bring along extra resources to help you.

If you are invited to submit a sample of your writing or complete a pre-workshop writing task, do it. Getting direct feedback on your writing is invaluable and writing immediately before a workshop can help you identify what you want to get out of the workshop. Submitting samples after the workshop is not productive as the opportunity to discuss and learn throughout the workshop is lost.

4. Don’t be late or just on-time: arrive early

Triple-check the starting time

If you are late you will likely miss crucial introductory information that cannot be repeated. I no longer wait for late-comers, even if I receive a text from someone saying they are running ten minutes late. While it is good to know that people are still coming, waiting for late-comers disrespects the efforts of those who have gone out of their way to arrive early. Strictly honouring the start time also creates a clean and industrious atmosphere for everyone present.

Aim to be 15 -20 minutes early instead of on-time

If you aim to get to an any event early and there are road closures, lift faults or random buckets of hail, then you still might arrive on time. Aiming to arrive just before the starting time, is optimistic. If you do arrive early, you will have time to settle in and meet other workshop participants before you start.

It’s never ok to be purposely late

Never assume that it’s ok to be late or that the facilitator will wait for you before they start. People who  turn up to a workshop 20 minutes late without showing concern have probably perfected the art of arriving late. I expect the habitual late-comer thinks this way: “It says an 8.45 am start, but they only say that to allow for late comers, which means they will really start at 9.00 am and even then, there will just be 10-15 minutes of an informal welcome and chat and they probably won’t actually start until 9.15.”

If you are unavoidably late or unable to attend at all, text or email the facilitator.

During the workshop:

5. Participate: ask questions and make comments

Asking questions is the most important thing that you can do during a workshop. We learn by listening, thinking and doing. We also learn by working out what we don’t know. In any workshop environment, those who readily ask questions and make comments add immense benefit to the learning atmosphere as their participation encourages others to also engage by asking questions and making comments. If you don’t understand something, ask for clarification. 

Some people are worried that their question will be out of place, not immediately relevant, mundane or too obvious. Don’t worry; invariably others will also want to know the answer to your question. A good facilitator will answer all kinds of questions and place the answers in context to the workshop topic. Facilitators also use questions as opportunities to reinforce important principles.

If you don’t understand something and want it repeated, ask. If your mind wandered and you missed what you thought was a crucial point, ask for it to be repeated. Don’t worry if you feel you are the only person that doesn’t get something; even if that were true - that’s ok. You are there to learn. If you want to know how a principle might be applied in different circumstances, ask. If you think a suggestion might not work in your circumstance, say so. Your comments might open up a fruitful discussion with other attendees.

Don’t worry if you feel a bit shy or nervous about asking questions, ask anyway. The facilitator aims to ensure that everyone in the workshop feels comfortable and is able to participate. Remember that attending a workshop is not a performance; experienced facilitators will ensure that you will not be judged or criticised or made to do anything you don’t want to do.

Try to avoid taking centre stage too often as you may inadvertently prevent others from participating. A good facilitator will help balance the participation efforts of different people throughout the course of the workshop.

6. Answer questions

As a facilitator, I find that one of the best ways to deliver an important teaching principle is to phrase it as a question. If the facilitator asks you a question, try to answer it even if you are just guessing. Having 2-3 people answer a question can reflect the variety of perspectives that attendees bring to a workshop. Occasionally, facilitators will throw open a question from someone to the entire workshop to see what different answers or perspectives might arise.

7. Ensure you are physically comfortable

Some people find it difficult to sit for an hour, or even for 20 minutes. If you need to stand up for a while, stand up. No one is going to mind. Ask for an extra short break if you feel one is needed. Always bring a jacket to account for unresponsive air-conditioners.

8. Take notes

This may seem an obvious piece of advice but some people think that they don’t need to take notes if they are given lecture handouts. Even if you never read your notes again, the act of taking notes reinforces your learning and helps you to focus on what you consider are the most important points.

9. Complete the evaluation survey

Completing the evaluation survey not only helps the facilitator understand how the workshop went, it is also crucial to help reinforce what you have learned during the workshop.

After the workshop:

10. Review your notes and resources

After the workshop, review the notes you took and the handouts and resources provided by the facilitator. List the most important things that you learned from the workshop and think about what you need to do next. Review the checklists provided (or create your own) to help you remember what you have learned. If you need to, email the facilitator with further questions.

Aim to review your training notes with 1-2 weeks after the workshop to help reinforce what you have learned. Also aim to review your writing before and after the workshop and look for improvements in your writing. Itemise any areas that may need further training and investigate what resources there are to help you with your next stage of learning.

© Dr Marina Hurley 2026 www.writingclearscience.com.au



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Correcting to improve clarity: Fixing haphazard sentence structure


As science writing often includes complex information, arranging this information in a logical order can sometimes be difficult.

Ensuring your information is presented in a logical order is not something you should necessarily try to do in a first draft. It’s often best just to get the information down first, see if it makes sense, then try to rewrite it in later drafts.

The following are 5 examples that I have improved, including my explanations and comments. In these examples, there may be other aspects that can be improved, but for this blog post, I am (mostly) only concentrating on the order of information.

I have purposely left the source of these examples uncited. I have also kept the sources  anonymous, either by choosing examples that cover a broad topic or by changing the nouns to preserve author and project anonymity. By changing the nouns, I am essentially creating hypothetical projects or topics, while keeping the original sentence issues that need correcting.

As these sentences are often excerpts from a paragraph, the entire story or specific meaning may not be clear. However, it is a good practice to look at sentences in isolation. Disclaimer: Due to these sentences being excerpts, the original sentence issues or my lack of understanding, I may sometimes interpret some meanings incorrectly.

I have also added changes made by ChatGPT (free version). The prompt I used: “Could you improve the order of information in this sentence? Avoid using different words.” CHatGPT produced the same rewrite as I did in only one example (example no. 5).


Example 1. Original version

However, in all cases,  the symptoms, i.e. what the patient will describe to the clinician, and signs, i.e. what the clinician can detect upon examining the patient, are central.

My changes

However, in all cases, the symptoms and signs are central. The symptoms are what the patient will describe to the clinician and the signs are what the clinician can detect when examining the patient.  

My comments

This sentence has seven separate clauses or phrases. This alone can make it difficult to read. The subject (‘the symptoms and signs’) is separated from the verb (‘are central’) by the two definitions. While, it is tempting to define or explain a word as soon as it is written, separating the subject from the verb in this way can often make the reader struggle. If the sentence is short, separating the subject from the verb with detail is less of an issue.

I removed ‘i.e.’ as I didn’t think the phrases needed to be presented with a ‘for instance’ as they are definitions.

As the definitions are moved to a new sentence, my changes make the total word length slightly longer but it is ok to sacrifice brevity for clarity.

ChatGPT changes

However, in all cases, the symptoms and signs are central, i.e. what the patient will describe to the clinician and what the clinician can detect upon examining the patient.

Example 2. Original version

By being able to distinguish changes in animal movement patterns for example, it is possible to recognise the onset of environmental stress before the impact on survival and reproductive output can be quantified.

My changes

It is possible to recognise the onset of environmental stress, before the impact on survival and reproductive output can be quantified. For example,  being able to distinguish changes in animal movement patterns.

My comments

The sentence is made clunky by including ‘for example’ into the introductory dependent clause (plus there is a comma missing before ‘for example’). The main point (the independent clause) is hard to read as it is lengthy and follows this unwieldy introductory dependent clause. While I don’t believe the main point of the sentence always needs to be at the beginning, it can easily get lost in long sentences that are structured in this way. So, I have broken the sentence into two, with the example discussed in the second sentence. In case you were wondering, tt is ok to start a sentence with ‘For example’.

ChatGPT changes

By being able to distinguish changes in animal movement patterns, for example, it is possible to recognise the onset of environmental stress before the impact on survival and reproductive output can be quantified.

Example 3. Original version

This handbook cannot encompass all situations and should not replace sound clinical judgement. It does not replace Australian approved product information.

My changes

This handbook does not replace Australian-approved product information, cannot encompass all situations and should not replace sound clinical judgement.

My comments

The sentences are fine as they are. However, combining them can make the information more concise by including all the things the handbook doesn’t do in the one sentence. The flow of information can also be improved by starting with specific information and finishing with general advice.

ChatGPT changes

This handbook cannot encompass all situations and does not replace Australian approved product information. It should not replace sound clinical judgement.

Example 4. Original version

The line transect method for estimating densities involves determining the change in detectability with lateral distance from a driven transect for each of four species out to a detection threshold distance (DTD).

My changes

The line transect method for estimating densities of each of the four species involves determining determines the change in their detectability with lateral distance from a driven transect, out to a detection threshold distance (DTD).

My comments

This is a convoluted, complex sentence structure that is common in science writing. I can break this into 6 sections or steps: [1] The line transect method [2] estimates densities [3] involves determining the change in detectability [4] with lateral distance from a driven transect [5] for each of four species [6] out to a detection threshold distance (DTD). While breaking sentences into steps can be a drawn-out process, it is useful exercise for restructuring complex sentences.

In the original example, 'for each of four species' is breaking up the flow of the sentence. Because of where it is placed, it is not immediately clear if 'for each of four species' are the densities that are being estimated or if the author is referring to driven transects 'for each of four species' (or both). I assumed the former and therefore decided that it is more direct and helpful for the reader to state what is being measured ('four species') earlier in the sentence.

I removed ‘each of’ as unnecessary detail, considered ‘determines’ as more concise than ‘involves determining’ and added ‘their’ to clarify what is being detected.

ChatGPT changes

The line transect method for estimating densities involves determining, for each of four species, the change in detectability with lateral distance from a driven transect out to a detection threshold distance (DTD).

Example 5. Original version

This will prevent issues, such as incomplete lineage sorting, long-branch attraction and heterotachy, that can complicate phylogenetic analysis.

My changes

This will prevent issues that can complicate phylogenetic analysis, such as incomplete lineage sorting, long-branch attraction and heterotachy.

My comments

As this sentence is an excerpt, we do not know what ‘this’ is referring to, but the sentence can still be improved. This type of sentence structure is another example of disrupting the flow of information by inserting examples into the middle of the sentence and, in doing so, leaving the main point until the end of the sentence.

ChatGPT changes

This will prevent issues that can complicate phylogenetic analysis, such as incomplete lineage sorting, long-branch attraction and heterotachy.

In conclusion:

I always find it important to acknowledge that there can be many different ways to rewrite a sentence. I encourage you to add your example rewrite(s) and comments at the bottom of this blog post. If you would like feedback on reworking a sentence, email it to admin@writingclearscience.com.au and I will see what I can do.

© Dr Marina Hurley 2026 www.writingclearscience.com.au

Any suggestions or comments please email admin@writingclearscience.com.au 

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The zone of silence: reducing distraction in the writing workplace


The meeting is a sacred workplace activity where people are given a quiet space to sit and a table to write on. The meeting is shielded from interruptions or disturbances. You wouldn’t expect someone to randomly walk into a meeting without warning, cup of coffee in hand, and strike up a conversation about how bad the traffic was that morning. Yet these types of disturbances naturally happen when trying to write at your desk. Writing is as important as attending a meeting but doesn’t receive the same respect. Writing is expected to fit in around the edges of everything else: emails, queries from colleagues, phones and computers. 

Trying to stay focused on any task is difficult if there are distractions. Distractions let the procrastination monster walk right in the front door and kick you out of your chair. Yet many people work in an open office: a shared workspace with no doors and often no walls. If you don’t have a door to close, it’s easier to get interrupted, easier to hear your neighbour‘s conversation and easier to hear incidental noises. Common ways of avoiding distraction are to put headphones on and listen to music (or pretend to), take your work home, or start early or leave late.

Avoid distractions when trying to write

Set up a Zone of Silence

A straightforward and inexpensive tactic is to create The Zone of Silence in your workplace. The Zone of Silence is simply an empty desk close to a powerpoint with a booking sheet stuck to the wall so everyone can see who is using it.

The rules of the zone of silence:

  • The area is used only for writing
  • Turn off your phone
  • Disconnect from the internet and wifi
  • Only brings notes and material connected with your current project
  • No talking
  • Avoid leaving to complete a different task
Active use of The Zone of Silence may raise the profile of writing as an activity that requires dedicated space and adequate periods of time in order to be completed effectively. If the rules of The Zone of Silence, is taken seriously, there is an excellent chance that writing productivity can be improved.

© Dr Marina Hurley 2019 www.writingclearscience.com.au

Any suggestions or comments please email info@writingclearscience.com.au

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Should we use active or passive voice?


The traditional criticism of active voice

Traditionally, science and academic writers were strongly advised to use passive voice in order to maintain objectivity. However, this view is based on the criticism of using the first person (‘I’ or ‘my’) in that an individual’s view or perspective was considered biased. For example, the proponents of the passive voice in science writing claim that the active construction “I observed the behaviour.” presents a subjective view, while the passive construction “The behaviour was observed.” presents a more objective perspective. Some also argue that the use of personal pronouns in science and academic writing gives the impression of stating an opinion. However, active voice is not governed by the use of personal pronouns. You can write in passive voice while using a personal pronoun. For example: “I was photographed by my friend”. 

What is meant by ‘voice’?

In simple terms, ‘voice’ refers to the relationship between the subject and the verb.

How to identify active voice

Active voice is when the grammatical subject performs the action specified by the verb. 

For example:

Active voice: “I produced ten surveys.” The subject is the person “I” who performs the action “produced”. 

How to identify passive voice

Passive voice is when the grammatical subject of the sentence is receiving the action specified by the verb. Passive voice always has the verb form ‘to be’ followed be a past participle. ‘To be’ verbs include: ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘am’, ‘was’, ‘were’, ‘has been’, ‘have been’, ‘will be’, ‘will have been’ and ‘being’. They are also known as linking verbs. A past participle is a past tense verb that often (but not always) ends in ‘ed’.


For example:

Passive voice: “Ten surveys were produced”. The subject is the “surveys” that receives the action “were produced”. In this sentence, the reader does not know who or what produced the surveys.

Passive voice with an object: “Ten surveys were produced by me”. In this example, the object of the sentence specifies who (or what) performs the action (me).

The criticism of passive voice

The insistence that writers should always avoid the personal pronouns (or the first person) has lessened and the use of active voice is increasingly encouraged. Key criticisms of passive voice are that the reader does not know who or what was responsible for the action described in the sentence and that passive sentence constructions are often wordy and vague.

Both types of voice are necessary for good, clear writing

Whether you use active or passive depends upon what you are writing and what you need to focus on.

1. If it is necessary to specify who or what performed the action

Without adding an object identifying the performer of the action, passive construction can make it difficult to know who did what.

For example:

The effectiveness of stem cell treatment was investigated.”  With this statement the reader might be unsure who did the investigation. They might assume that the authors are referring to another study. Whereas, “We investigated the effectiveness of stem cell treatment.” clearly lets the reader know that the authors did the investigation.

If a sentence is to remain passive, a citation might be necessary to let the reader know who did the investigation.

2. If it is necessary to focus on the action itself

The following example is from the methods section of a recent research paper, which uses both passive and active voice. Here the focus is on what was measured, determined, distinguished and compared. Continual reference to who did the measuring is not necessary.

 “The abundance, sex ratio, and age structure of GT and NGT trees were determined by designating 47 plots (50 m × 50 m) in the six sites in the main GIAHS area (Fig. 1a). Morphological difference of GT and NGT trees was distinguished by identifying the graft scar just above ground. In each plot, we measured the location, basal diameter (BD), and sex of each of each torreya tree. The sex ratio of NGT trees was calculated in each plot. The population density (number per ha) of GT and NGT trees was statistically compared with a t-test in R.” p 8. Zang et al. 2019

3. If the person or thing responsible for the action is unknown

For example:

Passive: “The car was stolen.”

Active: “Somebody stole my car.”

4. When explaining cause and effect 

For example:

Passive: "Most malaria cases are caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum".

Active: "The parasite Plasmodium falciparum causes most cases of malaria".


5. If it is necessary to deliberately avoid specifying authorship

Some government departments, consultancies and corporations produce documents where acknowledgement of individual authors is deliberately avoided. This might occur when documents are designed to represent the organisation in its entirety or when a variety of different authors design, write and update documents.

For example:

- Passive: “The remediation program was initiated in early 2015”.

- Active: “Land & Water initiated the remediation program in early 2015”.

In these cases, the third person (we) may be used to collectively represent the organisation or institution.

6. If changing voice will make your writing more concise

If you do not need to specify who did what, your writing can be more concise.

For example:

- “We found that an increase in production rate was caused by increasing the length of the probe.” (16 words)

- “An increase in production rate was caused by increasing the length of the probe.” (14 words).

Changing to active voice makes the sentence shorter and more direct.

- “Increasing the length of the probe caused an increase in production rate.” (12 words).

Finally...

As passive voice is commonly in past tense, some confuse past tense with passive voice. Tense explains when something happened while voice explains who or what performs the action. Here are examples of active and passive voice written in the three different tenses.

For example:

Passive voice

Past tense: "The problem was investigated by me".

Present tense: "The problem is being investigated by me".

Future tense: "The problem will be investigated by me".

Active voice

Past tense: "I investigated the problem".

Present tense: "I am investigating the problem".

Future tense: "I will investigate the problem".

© Dr Marina Hurley 2019 www.writingclearscience.com.au

Any suggestions or comments please email info@writingclearscience.com.au 

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Are you only writing for the conscientious reader?


When you write, do you think about how your readers are reading your document?

Do you expect your readers to be conscientious? Do you expect they studiously read every sentence and paragraph from beginning to end? Some readers will read your entire document, while some will quickly look for the main points and then file it away, perhaps hoping to read it properly later on. Some readers might give up after reading the first sentence because it doesn’t interest them.

You can't assume all of your readers will obediently start at the beginning and diligently read every sentence and absorb every word. To communicate clearly, you need to understand your reader and what they want to know. Not only do you need to define your target audience, you need to understand how they read and what they want.

Not everyone reads the same way

A reader’s behaviour is primarily influenced by their level of interest in your topic and how much time they have to read. Many other factors also affect their decision to start reading and to keep reading until the end. As a writer, you have control over some of these factors and being aware of how your reader reads will improve your ability to attract your reader and keep them engaged.  

I consider there are generally two types of readers of scientific documents. The avid reader who will read every single word in your document (even if it is poorly written) and the lukewarm reader who may not thoroughly read your document (even if it is well written).

An avid reader is someone who will read your entire document because…

  • they believe they will immediately gain a direct benefit.
  • they respect you.
  • they are familiar with your writing and expect that your document will be informative and easy to read.
  • your information is not found anywhere else.
  • they have commissioned your project.
  • they are very interested in your topic and will thoroughly read everything they can find on it.
  • they are your peers, colleagues or competitors with a vested interest in your work.

A lukewarm reader is someone who has started reading your document, but who could be …

  • very busy, have little time to read and is rapidly searching for the take-home message.
  • easily distracted.
  • trying to do three things at once.
  • poorly organised.
  • unsure about what they need to read.
  • doesn’t feel like reading.
  • will decide very quickly whether to keep on reading.
  • will be easily convinced to stop reading.

Assume most of your readers are lukewarm

If you assume all of your readers are avid readers, you might not try hard enough to write well.

Assume all of your readers are lukewarm: that they have little time to read, have a short attention span, are easily distracted or would prefer to be doing something else.

Expect that your reader has many other documents in a large and overly-optimistic ‘must-read’ pile and will only spend 2-5 minutes skimming over your document before deciding to delve in. Write for them. While some of your readers will remain lukewarm, no matter what or how you write, make sure that even the most disinterested reader can easily find a concise, informative summary or take-home message.

Key considerations to attract and engage your reader

Your reader needs to be immediately convinced that your document will be useful.

The title

  • Will it immediately attract your reader?
  • Is it hard to read?
  • Is it too specific or too long, or does it rely on too much background knowledge?
  • Does it refer to a relevant or interesting scientific topic?

How and where you present key information 

  • Provide context at the very beginning. This means that you start your introduction with a succinct overview of the problem your document will be solving and how your project or topic fits within your discipline. 
  • Are your sentences and paragraphs well-structured so that important points or details are not hidden within unnecessary or irrelevant detail?
  • Are your key messages and conclusions abundantly clear?
  • Do you have a document summary where the reader can absorb the key findings and take-home message at a glance? If your document doesn’t normally include a summary, can you break the rules and write one? If not, ensure your key findings are short and concise.

Ease of reading and comprehension

Your reader will want your document to be clear and easy to read, so write clearly and concisely.

A document that is easy to read has a greater chance of being read even if the reader’s interest is low and they haven’t much time. Anything off-the-topic, confusing, or to too specific might easily cause your reader to not only stop reading but permanently decide that your document is of no interest to them. If your document is hard to read then only the determined or avid reader will finish what they have started.

Your reader’s background knowledge and expertise

How much background knowledge do you assume your reader has before they start reading? Unless you are specifically writing for experts, don’t assume your reader is an expert on your topic. However, don’t assume your reader needs to be told every detail surrounding your topic. Decide what your main points are and stick to them.

Document design and layout

Is your document well-laid out, with appropriate visuals, fonts and headings?

Finally…

How do you read?

To help you engage your readers, analyse your own reading behaviour. How do you react when you are reading something unfamiliar or not immediately interesting? How often do you read a document all the way through? What causes you to lose track and stop reading?

Pretend someone else wrote your document

When reading through a late draft of your work, try pretending that you didn’t write it. Look hard for anything that could be confusing, vague or have any unintentional double meanings. This might help you understand how someone else reads your writing.

Ask for feedback

If feasible ask someone from your target audience for feedback. In particular, tell them to let you know if anything is unclear or confusing or if any details appear missing.

© Dr Marina Hurley 2026 www.writingclearscience.com.au

Any suggestions or comments please email admin@writingclearscience.com.au 

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